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Propane (/ˈ p roʊ peɪ n / ) is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but can be compressed into a transportable liquid. It is a by-product of natural gas processing and oil refining and is commonly used as a fuel in domestic and industrial applications and in low-emission public transport. It was discovered by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot in 1857 and became commercially available in the United States in 1911. Propane is one of a group of liquid petroleum gases (LP gases). Others include butane, propyl, butadiium, butyl, isobutyl, and mixtures thereof. Propane has a lower volumetric energy value but a higher gravimetric energy value and burns cleaner than gasoline and coal.
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Propane gas has become a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because its low boiling point of -42°C allows it to vaporize in pressurized (two-phase) liquid containers. Propane powers buses, forklifts, cars, boat outboards, and ice-making machines, and is used for heating and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers.
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Walter O. Snelling of the US Bureau of Mines highlighted it as a volatile component in gasoline in 1910, the beginning of the propane industry in the United States. The volatility of these lighter hydrocarbons causes them to be known as “wild” because of the high vapor pressure of unrefined gasoline. On March 31, 1912, the New York Times reported on Snelling’s work with liquefied gas, stating that “one steel cylinder will carry enough gas to light an ordinary house for three weeks.”
During this time, Snelling, in collaboration with Frank P. Peterson, Chester Kerr, and Arthur Kerr, developed ways to liquefy LP gases during gasoline refining. Together they founded American Gasol Co., the first propane marketer. Snelling was producing relatively pure propane by 1911, and on March 25, 1913, patent #1,056,845 was issued on his method of processing and producing propane gases.
A separate method of producing liquefied gas by compression was developed by Frank Peterson and his patent was issued on July 2, 1912.
The 1920s saw increased production of propane gas, with the first year of recorded production totaling 223,000 US gallons (840 m)
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). Major developments in the industry in the 1930s included the introduction of tank rail, gas flavoring and the construction of local bottling plants. The year 1945 was the first year in which the annual sales of LP gas reached a billion liters. By 1947, 62% of all American homes were equipped with either natural gas or propane for cooking.
In 1950, 1,000 propane-powered buses were ordered by the Chicago Transit Authority, and by 1958 US sales reached 7 billion US gallons (26,000,000 m
) annually. In 2004 it was reported to be a growing $8 billion to $10 billion industry with over 15 billion US gallons (57,000,000 m)
The root “prop-” found in “propane” and the names of other compounds with three carbon chains is derived from “propionic acid,”
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Propane is produced as a byproduct of two other processes, natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Natural gas processing involves removing butane, propane and large amounts of ethane from the raw gas to prevent these volatiles from condensing in natural gas pipelines. In addition, oil refineries produce some propane as a byproduct of cracking oil into gasoline or naphtha.
Propane supplies cannot be easily adjusted to meet increased demand due to the nature of the byproduct of propane production. About 90% of propane in the US is produced domestically.
The United States imports about 10% of the propane it consumes each year, with about 70% of that coming via pipeline and rail from Canada. The remaining 30% of imported propane comes to the United States from other sources via ocean transportation.
After being separated from crude oil, North American propane is stored in large salt caverns. Examples are Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta; Mont Belvio, Texas; and Conway, Kansas. These salt caves
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Propane flame pyrometry using thin filament velocity. The hottest parts of the flame are in a hollow cone-shaped region near its base, pointing upwards.
At normal pressure, it liquefies below its boiling point at −42 °C and solidifies below its melting point at −187.7 °C. Propane crystallizes in space group P2
The low space filling of 58.5% (at 90 K), due to the weak ordering properties of the molecule, is the reason for the particularly low melting point.
Propane undergoes combustion reactions in a manner similar to other alkanes. In the presence of excess oxygen, propane burns to form water and carbon dioxide.
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In the absence of oxygen for complete combustion, carbon monoxide, soot (carbon), or both are also formed:
Propane burns hotter than home heating oil or diesel because of its very high hydrogen content. The presence of C-C bonds, plus multiple propyl and butyl bonds, produces organic gases in addition to carbon dioxide and water vapor during typical combustion. These compounds also cause propane to burn with a visible flame.
The enthalpy of combustion of propane gas at which all products return to their standard state, for example when water at standard temperature (known as the higher heating value) returns to its liquid state, is (2, 219.2 ± 0.5 ) kJ/mol or (50.33 ± 0.01) MJ /kg.
The enthalpy of combustion of propane gas where the products do not return to standard state, for example when hot gases including water vapor leave the chimney (known as lower heating value) is -2043.455 kJ/mol.
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The lower calorific value is the amount of heat available from combustion of the substance when the products of combustion are released to the atmosphere; for example the heat of a fireplace when the flue is open.
, about 1.5 × the density of air at the same temperature. The density of liquid propane at 25 °C (77 °F) is 0.493 g/cm
, which is equivalent to 4.11 pounds per US fluid gallon or 493 g/L. Propane expands 1.5% at 10° F. Thus, liquid propane has a density of about 4.2 lb per gallon (504 g/L) at 60° F (15.6° C).
Since the density of propane changes with temperature, this fact must be taken into account when the application is related to safety operations or transfer of custody.
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The name “propane” is derived by adding the chemical suffix -on to “prop(ionic acid)”, which in turn comes from the Greek pro “forward” and pion “fat”. It refers to propionic acid as the first fatty acid.
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Propane is a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because its low boiling point of -42 °C (-44 °F) causes it to vaporize immediately after being released from its pressurized container. Therefore, no carburetor or other vaporizing device is required; a simple dosing nozzle is sufficient.
Mixtures of pure, dry “isopropane” (R-290a) (isobutane/propane blends) and isobutane (R-600a) can be used as the circulating refrigerant in properly designed compressor refrigeration.
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Compared to hydrofluorocarbons, propane has negligible ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential (with a GWP value of 0.072,
13.9 times lower than the GWP of carbon dioxide) and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Because its global warming effect is much less than that of current refrigerants, propane was selected as one of five replacement refrigerants approved by the EPA in 2015 for use in systems specifically designed to handle its flammability.
Such substitution is generally prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems on the grounds that the use of flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry a nonflammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion.
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Proponents and defenders of hydrocarbon refrigerants oppose such bans on the grounds that there are very few such incidents compared to the number of hydrocarbon-filled vehicle air conditioning systems.
Propane is also important for providing off-the-grid cooling, as a power source for a gas absorption refrigerator, and is commonly used for camping and recreational vehicles.
Because it can be easily transported, it is a popular fuel for home heating and standby electricity in sparsely populated areas that lack natural gas pipelines. In June 2023, Stanford researchers found that burning propane releases detectable and repeatable levels of bze, which in some homes emit elevated indoor bze builds above well-established health markers. The study also shows that gas and propane fuels appear to be the predominant source of bze produced by cooking.
In rural North America, as well as northern Australia, propane is used to heat livestock facilities, in grain dryers and other heat-producing appliances. When used to heat or dry grain, it is usually stored in a large, permanently placed cylinder that is refilled by a propane delivery truck. As of 2014
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), fill large bottles permanently installed on the property, or other service trucks exchange empty bottles
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